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In that case, triac can be used in order to minimize the potential fat gains.
2 the circuit according to claim 28 wherein the at least one ac switch is a triac and the controller is operatively connected to the ultrasonic oscillator to selectively activate the ultrasonic oscillator and deactivate the ultrasonicoscillator when the at least one triac is deactivated.
KH2 reduced form of vitamin K ; levels, thereby limiting the cofactor effect of vitamin K on -carboxylation of the vitamin K-dependent coagulant proteins prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X ; and some anticoagulant proteins protein C and protein S ; . The effects of VKA depend on the half-lives of the inhibited factors, which are as long as 72 hr for factor II and, in contrast, very short six to seven hours ; for factor VII and protein C.2 There are two pharmacological VKA families: the coumarin derivatives warfarin, acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon ; and the indane-dione derivatives fluindione ; . The pharmacokinetic properties of these agents are presented in Table I. Physiological conditions hereditary resistance ; and clinical situations fat malabsorption, poor vitamin K intake ; may influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral anticoagulants. Drug interactions are described in.
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M106 Social, demographic and clinical characteristic! of female alcoholics detoxified in Wariaw. Grobel, 1, Wasilewski, D., Niemcemcz, Sz , Gora, K , Zmigrodzka, 1, Matsumoto, H Warsaw Medical Academy Alcohol use disorders among women have been the subject of scientific and popular interest in recent years in Poland Alcohol dependence syndrome and related alcohol withdrawal syndrome appears to be increasing in frequency among the Polish women The authors studied 123 females with a mean age of 42 96 years hospitalized after a dnnking bout with the DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, in the Nowowiejski Hospital and the Detoxication Center in Warsaw from January 1996 to February 1997. We assessed them in terms of their social, demographic characteristics, as well as other characteristics associated with alcohol consumption The selected results: 65 52.8% ; women were married, 100 81 3% ; lived with family, 63 51.2% ; had completed more then primary education. 57 46.3% ; were employed, 72 58 5% ; had not a previous history' of treatment for alcoholism. This group of females will be compared to the group of male alcoholics hospitalized due to the alcohol withdrawal syndrome.
Classification of Medical Data with a Robust Multi-Level Combination Scheme Georgios Tsirogiannis, Dimitris Frossyniotis, Ioannis Stoitsis, Spyretta Golemati, Andreas Stafylopatis and Konstantina Nikita Neural Network Based Light Attenuation Model for Monitoring Seagrass Health Habtom Ressom, Padma Natarajan, Siva Srirangam, Mohamad Musavi and Robert Virnstein 3D Spatial Analysis of fMRI Data - A Comparison of ICA and GLM Analysis on a Word Perception Task Ingo R. Keck, Fabian J. Theis, Peter Gruber, Elmar W. Lang, Karsten Specht and Carlos G. Puntonet.
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The mcu detects the zero crossing after each period of the input signal and sets the time to switch on the triac in relation to the value of the voltage on the potentiometer or the time when the button is pressed and triazolam.
The MOC306X-M and MOC316X-M devices consist of a GaAs infrared emitting diode optically coupled to a monolithic silicon detector performing the function of a zero voltage crossing bilateral triac driver. They are designed for use with a triac in the interface of logic systems to equipment powered from 115 240 VAC lines, such as solid-state relays, industrial controls, motors, solenoids and consumer appliances, etc.
FIG. 2. A, Immunohistochemistry analysis of EG-VEGF expression in human endometrium during menstrual cycle. Sections of human endometrium from five different phases of menstrual cycle, including early and late follicular phase and early, mid-, and late luteal phase, were stained with anti-EG-VEGF antibody. EG-VEGFpositive signals visualized with FITC green ; upper panel ; . With higher magnification, immunosignals are predominantly detected in glandular epithelial lower panel ; . The immunosignals are specific because no signal was detected when the section was incubated with the peptide preabsorbed anti-EG-VEGF antibody Ctrl ; . B, In situ hybridization analysis of EG-VEGF expression in human endometrium. Representative figures from the in situ hybridization analysis with human endometrium samples at luteal phase and follicular phases using 35S-labeled antisense and sense Ctrl ; probes. Consistently, higher expression levels of EG-VEGF RNA were detected as black precipitates in both the stromal cells SC ; and epithelial cells EC ; of the samples at luteal phase than those at the follicular phase of menstrual cycle and trifluoperazine.
Breast Cancer Awareness Please see the attached document for full information on this event. Event Begin: 10 29 2006 Reg. Deadline: 9 22 2006 Event Time: 2: 00 - 4.
INPUTS The input configuration on the b3887 consists of three full range Universal inputs that accept voltage 0-5VDC ; , digital on off ; , counter signals up to 4Hz ; , or temperature signals. The b3887 also offers a fourth input to support the Andover Smart Sensor, or any standard room temperature sensor. OUTPUTS The b3887 contains five digital outputs -- four Form A Triac-based outputs plus one Form A Relay output, capable of switching line voltage. 2 These outputs can be used separately for on off or pulsed control of lighting, heat, and fan units can be configured into Form K Tri-state outputs 2-max ; for bi-directional control of dampers and valves. Note: Any two consecutive Triac outputs can be configured as a Form K output. ; All Triac outputs are ground referenced and rated for AC loads only. SOFTWARE CAPABILITIES The dynamic memory of the b3887 can be allocated for any combination of programs, scheduling, alarming, and data logging using the powerful Andover Controls Plain English programming language. Our object-oriented Plain English language with intuitive keywords provides an easy method to tailor the controller to meet your exact requirements. Programs are entered into the b3887 using the Continuum CyberStation. Programs are then stored in, and executed by, the b3887 . 4 and trihexyphenidyl.
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281: 895-903, 2001. You might find this additional information useful. This article cites 39 articles, 26 of which you can access free at: : ajplung.physiology cgi content full 281 4 L895#BIBL This article has been cited by 15 other HighWire hosted articles, the first 5 are: Alveolar Epithelial 2-Adrenergic Receptors G. M. Mutlu and P. Factor Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2008; 38 ; : 127-134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Patients With Coexistent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Heart Failure T. H. Le Jemtel, M. Padeletti and S. Jelic J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 16, 2007; 49 ; : 171-180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Alveolar Epithelial Ion and Fluid Transport: Recent Progress H. G. Folkesson and M. A. Matthay Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., July 1, 2006; 35 ; : 10-19. [Full Text] [PDF] Mechanisms of pulmonary edema clearance G. M. Mutlu and J. I. Sznajder J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289 ; : L685-L695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Decreased expression of both the 1- and 2-subunits of the Na-K-ATPase reduces maximal alveolar epithelial fluid clearance M. R. Looney, C. Sartori, S. Chakraborty, P. F. James, J. B. Lingrel and M. A. Matthay J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289 ; : L104-L110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Medline items on this article's topics can be found at : highwire anford lists artbytopic.dtl on the following topics: Biophysics . ATPases Oncology . Adrenergic Receptors Genetics . Transgenic Expression Genetics . Transgenes Physiology . Mice Physiology . Rats Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: : ajplung.physiology cgi content full 281 4 L895 Additional material and information about AJP - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology can be found at: : the-aps publications ajplung.
Remember that if the gate resistor is too large in value, the triac will not turn on at all or not turn on fully, which can cause excessive power dissipation in the gate resistor, causing it to burn out and trimethobenzamide.
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Course Leader: Dr. Madeline Feltus is the Senior Advisor for Research in the Office of Nuclear Energy Science and Technology in the Department of Energy. She has developed and organized the DOE gas reactor technology course and participated in other ANS course programs. She has participated in gas reactor research programs and international gas reactor technology efforts. Course Instructors: Mr. Syd Ball, Manager of ORNL GT-MHR Program Dr. Timothy Burchell, Group Leader, Carbon and Ins. Material Technology, ORNL Mr. Donald McEachern, Manager, Fuels Program, General Atomics Dr. Robert Morris, Senior Researcher, ORNL Mr. Larry Parme, Licensing Manager, General Atomics Mr. Scott Penfield, Jr., Principal, Technology Insights and Past Chair, Chattanooga and San Diego Sections Mr. Ted Quinn, Consultant, General Atomics and Past President, ANS Dr. Arkal Shenoy, Director, Gas Reactor Program, General Atomics Workshop Outline: Thursday, June 5 Course Introduction, Objectives & Agenda overview History and Background of Gas Reactors PBMR Overview Lunch on your own ; GT-MHR Overview Gas Reactor Power Conversion Systems Core Thermal-hydraulics Core Reactor Physics Adjourn Friday, June, 6 Reactor System, Structures, Seismic, High Temperature Materials Fuel Design, Manufacturing, and Performance: General Behavior of Fission Product Groups, Fuel Failure Mechanisms, Fuel specs., design and manufacturing, Fission Products release: PIE methods and tests Fuel behavior prediction and models; Fuel criteria for inherently safe systems Graphite Issues: Oxidation, Irradiation, Air Ingress Lunch on your own ; I&C Technology for Advanced Reactors Safety Margins Safety and Licensing: Accident selection Proliferation issues Containment Confinement Safety codes, analysis methods Question and Answer Period, Wrap-up Adjourn Quinn Parme Ball Shenoy Penfield Ball Feltus.
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This resource manual provides a handpicked selection of some of the best English-language sexuality education materials currently available. The lesson plans address key issues; use creative, interactive, learner-centered teaching strategies; and are adaptable to diverse cultural settings. They are also progressive. They address gender issues, challenge discriminatory attitudes and behaviors, and present sexuality as a positive part of life rather than something to be feared and shrouded in taboos and trimethoprim.
Tion launched the Bx VELOCITY Coronary Artery Stent for treating abrupt or threatened closure of arteries. Cordis also introduced the CHECKMATE System, the first intravascular brachytherapy gammaradiating ; system for treating in-stent, recurrent blockages in patients with coronary artery disease. And among other minimally invasive "firsts" for.
Once the triac is fired, it latches at “ on” and continues to conduct until the current decreases to zero and trimipramine.
Silicon controlled rectifiers or SCRs, as they are more commonly called ; have become very popular as power switching devices in applications ranging from consumer grade light dimmers to industrial motor controls and welders. They are used to control as much as 2000 amps of current at several thousand volts. Along with the SCR, the triac has become a popular switching device. Like other electronic components, SCRs and triacs can fail and need to be tested. Tech Tip 125 explains the characteristics and operation of consumer level SCRs and triacs. This tech tip covers heavy-duty and industrial SCRs and triacs, how they fail, and how you can test them with your LC102 AUTO-Z and SCR250 SCR & TRIAC TEST ACCESSORY. How Does an SCR Work? An SCR is a three lead device that functions like a DC switch when given the proper control signal. An SCR has a cathode lead and an anode lead just like a standard rectifier. A third lead, called the gate lead, controls the operation of the SCR. Figure 1 shows the symbol used on schematics for an SCR. An SCR functions like an open circuit when it is "turned off" and like a diode when the SCR is "turned on". This SCR action is controlled by the signal applied to the gate lead. Notice that the symbol looks similar to a diode with the exception of the gate lead. With no gate current applied to the gate lead, the SCR acts like a switch that is in the off position. When a sufficient gate current trigger current ; is applied, the anode-cathode junction is turned on and conducts current. Once the SCR is turned on, it continues to conduct current latch ; , even if the trigger current is removed. The only way to turn an SCR off is to reduce the current flowing between anode and cathode below the holding current level. performs the same function as the gate lead on an SCR: it turns the device on. The other two leads are labeled differently from an SCR because the function of these leads changes with the polarity of the voltage applied to the leads. The triac lead electrically closest to the gate lead is simply called the Main Terminal 1 MT1 ; , and the other lead is called the Main Teminal 2 MT2 ; . How Do SCRs Fail? Most SCR failures are related to the gate. The SCR will not turn on if the gate junction opens. If the gate junction shorts to the anode, the SCR will self-trigger whenever the anode is more positive than the cathode. Finally, the SCR will not latch if the gate shorts to the cathode. SCRs can also develop leakage. An SCR with leakage never fully turns off; it always conducts some current. Remember that industrial SCRs may have hundreds or thousands of volts across them. Some SCRs may break down at these higher voltages, so there may be no leakage until there are several hundred volts present.
Table 6. Expression of a pFus1par : : hyp : : gusA pFus1par : : eryE : : gusA fusion in VF39SM and triptorelin.
Cooney, 90, of En f i Conn., formerly of West Hartford, Conn., died March 3 in Kettle Brook Nursing Home C. Cooney in East Windsor, Conn. She had worked in the circulation department of The Hartford Conn. ; Courant. Cooney leaves two children, Carol and Daniel; six grandchildren; six great-grandchildren. Clarice.
Figure 1. PFGE of SmaI macrorestriction fragments of E. faecium clinical isolates. Lanes L, molecular size standards oligomers lane 1, linezolid-resistant E. faecium isolated from blood culture from our patient; lane 2, linezolidresistant E. faecium isolated from stool culture from the same patient; lane 3, linezolid-resistant E. faecium isolated from stool culture from the second patient; lanes 413, representative strains of endemic vancomycin-resistant E. faecium clones and trizivir.
For safety reasons, it is important to prevent any direct contact between the ac main power line and the liquid environment or the tank. In order to maintain full isolation between the sensor circuitry and the main power, the solidstate relay is placed between the low voltage circuit sensor and amplifier ; and the ac power line used by the pump and compressor. The output of the last stage of the MC33179 is used as a current source to drive the LED light emitting diode ; . The series resistor, R8, limits the current into the LED to approximately 15 mA and guarantees an optimum drive for the power optotriac. The LD1 MFOE76 ; , which is an infrared light emitting diode, is used as an indicator to detect when the load is under power. The MOC2A60 works like a switch to turn ON or OFF the pump's power source. This device can drive up to 2 for an ac load and is perfectly suited for the medium power motors less than 500 watts ; used in many applications. It consists of an optotriac driving a power triac and has a zerocrossing detection to limit the power line disturbance problems when fast switching selfic loads. An RC network, placed in parallel with the output of the solidstate relay is not required, but it is good design practice for managing large voltage spikes coming from the inductive load commutation. The load itself motor or solenoid valve ; is connected in series with the solidstate relay to the main power line.
That is in series with a solid-state triac switch, triac controls the source intensity by controlling the amount of each half cycle during which current flows in the source shaded area of each halfcycle in Figure 1 ; . A beam splitter diverts a portion of the energy from the source to a control phototube, CPT. `l'he control phototube current, iCPT, is summed algebraically with a constant reference current, iR4 at the input of a fast control simplifier. The control amplifier generates a signal to turn the triac on when the amplitude of icpT is less than R. The triac switches off when line voltage passes through zero at the end of each half-cycle, and remains off during the early part of the next half cycle for a period of time determined by the relative magnitudes of icpq' and iR. The triac is turned on only long enough during each half-cycle to maintain the average value of icp'r constant at a level near iR. Although the average value of the lamp intensity is held constant, this mode of operation results in a 120-Hz component on the intensity vs. time profile. However, because the response speed of the source is slow compared to the time of each half cycle 8.3 ms ; , the amplitude of the 120-Hz component is about 10% of the constant component. The sample-channel amplifier system includes filters and measurement techniques to reduce source and troleandomycin and triac.
Solenoid valve or blower ; could be cycling equally slowly. It looks illogical sometimes when you see pulses of heat coming on when temperature is a little above set point or cool coming on a bit below set point. The controller will slowly work it out and settle down delivering just enough heat or cool to hold the correct temperature. The amount of heat or cool to expect around set point is not easy to predict because of the complexities of PID control. PROBLEM : Temperature well below set point and heater current off. Check for loss of line voltage, blown heater fuses or heater open circuit. If the contactor coil is energised, usually at 120V ac though some solid-state contactors are switched by a DC signal around 10V ; , check that its contacts have closed. If not, change the contactor. If the contactor coil is not energised, voltage could be failing to get to the controller's internal relay or that relay or triac ; could be failing to close. TRAP Triac switches inside controllers need an AC voltage on them and at least a 50 mA load to check their operation. DC continuity tests do not work, but they do on magnetic relays. ANOTHER TRAP Let's say you disconnect the contactor coil and use a voltmeter to check whether a controller's internal relay or triac is switching voltage through. You will probably find a voltage there all the time. Reason? a snubber spark supressor ; is often fitted internally across the triac or the relay or contacts. This can pass a tiny current, enough to show full line voltage on your meter when the relay or triac is open but nowhere near enough to pull in a contactor coil. Even without the snubber a triac switch could leak enough current to show on the voltmeter. A 120V 5W filament lamp works well as a tester. TRAP AND SERIOUS HAZARD. In place of the commonly used mercury or magnetic contactors for heater control, more machines are now using solid-state relays SSRs ; . They come mostly in two versions designed for either low voltage, typically 10V dc logic or 120V ac logic at the input terminals the terminals that correspond to the coil on a magnetic contactor ; . The 120V ac version from most manufacturers has an input impedance of some 120Kohm. The result is that a controller with a triac or relay output with a snubber fitted will fail to turn the SSR off and your process will overheat. If you cannot convert to low voltage dc logic a work-around solution is to connect a 0.47 microfarad 400V capacitor not electrolytic ; across the 120V input terminals of the SSR. It will divert enough current to ensure that the controller can switch the SSR off. Some SSR manufacturers recognise this problem and make the input impedance low enough to defeat this hazard. A much better solution is to use an SSR designed for low dc voltage operation and use a controller that has a matching DC logic output. This ensures reliable turn off. PROBLEM: Temperature abnormally high, heater current on. Check for voltage on the contactor coil or SSR logic input. If absent, the contactor is locked on or welded to a short circuit condition, change it. If coil voltage or logic input voltage is present, change the controller, its internal relay or logic signal is on when it should be off. Or check for TRAP AND SERIOUS HAZARD above if you are using SSRs. PROBLEM: Temperature persists a few degrees above set point, heater current off. Upstream or adjacent zones are set hotter and pass heat across. Don't set a temperature that 2.
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Dr Armand van Deun, the Union and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, proposed a way forward to accelerate DST in resource-constrained countries. The introduction of rapid tests requires not only financial resources but also proper infrastructure and skilled human resources. There is not yet consensus on which rapid test to use and which second-line anti-TB drugs should be tested. WHO guidelines on both surveillance and management of drug resistant TB may be too ambitious for low-income countries without regular and consistent technical assistance to laboratories. It was proposed that countries with limited resources that cannot conduct DST of all anti-TB drugs focus on either rifampicin alone or, if facilities are more advanced, of rifampicin, isoniazid, kanamycin and ofloxacin. In addition, focused DST should begin with failure cases before expanding to other patient groups. In view of the urgent need to scale up DST, alternative options should be made available for countries without a quality-assured national TB reference laboratory. Rapid molecular tests could be performed in an SRL or a national university or private laboratory. Simple and fast newer methods are available for DST of rifampicin and possibly also of kanamycin and ofloxacin, such as the MODS method microscopic-observation drug susceptibility ; . Urgent priority needs include: development of consensus guidelines for rapid DST methods; pilot testing of molecular tests in referral laboratories in resource-limited settings; inclusion of second-line DST in the SRL proficiency testing system; mobilization of funding for laboratory strengthening. Dr Rick O'Brien, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics FIND ; , presented the work of FIND on new TB diagnostics, the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 9.
From Wong DL, Hockenberry-Eaton M, Wilson D, Winkelstein ML, Ahmann E, DiVito-Thomas PA: Whaley and Wong's Nursing Care of Infants and Children, ed. 6, St. Louis, 1999, Mosby, p. 1153.
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From these data, it might be expected that the regulatory sequence involved in GnRH regulation of the NOS I promoter, the GnRE I either contained a cAMP-related response element or acted in combination with an auxiliary motif that itself contained a cAMP-related response element. Indeed, most of the genes regulated by the PKA-dependent signaling pathway often contain at least two elements, one of which being related to the CRE element and other ones being unrelated and commonly involved in cell-specific regulation 36 ; . The 33 10 GnRE I ; region was thus investigated by scanning mutagenesis introducing four adjacent mutations of seven base pairs. All these mutations induced a marked reduction by 80 100% ; in the response to stimulation suggesting that most of this sequence was required to support the GnRH and PKA-mediated responsiveness. Furthermore, inspection of GnRE I revealed no cAMP-related elements. Therefore, we explored the neighboring DNA sequences and found one putative binding site at position 4 that differed by one base from the consensus CRE sequence GGACGTCA vs. TGACGTCA, respectively ; . Gel retardation experiments using L T2 nuclear extracts and a wild-type 10 ; radiolabeled probe Fig. 7C ; , showed a single predominant complex Fig. 7A, lane 2 ; . Specificity of the complex was attested by the strong competition obtained with the homologous unlabeled probe lanes 35 ; , whereas an excess of mutant competitor probe mutCRE ; did not prevent the formation of the protein-DNA complex lanes 79 ; . Interestingly, a 10- to 1000-fold molar excess of a CRE consensus oligonucleotide consCRE ; decreased the intensity of the shifted band in a dose-dependent manner lanes 1113 ; , suggesting that the 4 motif corresponded to a functional CREB binding site. To ascertain this hypothesis, we performed supershift assays with a rabbit polyclonal anti-CREB antibody that was directed against the DNA.
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There are many situations where signals and data need to be transferred from one subsystem to another within a piece of electronics equipment, or from one piece of equipment to another, without making a direct ohmic electrical connection. Often this is because the source and destination are or may be at times ; at very different voltage levels, like a microprocessor which is operating from 5V DC but being used to control a triac which is switching 240V AC. In such situations the link between the two must be an isolated one, to protect the microprocessor from overvoltage damage. Relays can of course provide this kind of isolation, but even small relays tend to be fairly bulky compared with ICs and many of todays other miniature circuit components. Because theyre electro-mechanical, relays are also not as reliable and only capable of relatively low speed operation. Where small size, higher speed and greater reliability are important, a much better alternative is to use an optocoupler . These use a beam of light to transmit the signals or data across an electrical barrier, and achieve excellent isolation. Optocouplers typically come in a small 6-pin or 8-pin IC package, but are essentially a combination of two distinct devices: an optical transmitter , typically a gallium arsenide LED light-emitting diode ; and an optical receiver such as a phototransistor or light-triggered diac. The two are separated by a transparent barrier which blocks any electrical current flow between the two, but does allow the passage of light. The basic idea is shown in Fig.1, along with the usual circuit symbol for an optocoupler. Usually the electrical connections to the LED section are brought out to the pins on one side of the package and those for the phototransistor or diac to the other side, to physically separate them as much as possible. This usually allows optocouplers to withstand voltages of anywhere between 500V and 7500V between input and output. Optocouplers are essentially digital or switching devices, so theyre best for transferring either on-off control signals or digital data. Analog signals can be transferred by means of frequency or pulse-width modulation.
Twenty-one patients 12 men and 9 women, aged 42-86 yr ; with active Paget's disease of bone were studied. No patient had been treated with bisphosphonates or calcitonin for at least 6 months before this study. As this was in principle a pharmacodynamic study, it was performed in a metabolic ward, and the bisphosphonates were administered iv to ensure optimal conditions for measurements and drug delivery to the skeleton. Patients were admitted to the metabolic ward in the morning and were placed on a gelatin-free diet providing a constant amount of calcium, adjusted to their home intake, by the ward's dietitian. From the morning of the following day until the last day of treatment, 24-h urine samples were collected daily. At least two pretreatment values were obtained from each patient. Eleven patients were treated with the bisphosphonate EB-1053 [disodium l-hydroxy-3- l-pyrrolidinyl ; -propylidene-l, l-bisphosphonate] 18 ; , and 10 were given olpadronate ; l, l-bisphosphonate] 19, 20 ; . Both bisphbsphonates were given daily iv infusibns m 500 mL NaClO.9% over 4 h for 10 davs. The doses used were 2 or 4 dav for EB-1053 and 4 mg day for'olpadronate. After the end of tyeatment, patients were followed at frequent intervals in the out-patient clinic for 1 yr. At each visit, blood for the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, an index of the long term response to treatment, was taken. The mean pretreatment serum alkaline phosphatase value was 154 5 15 U normal, 20-60 U L ; . EB-1053 was obtained from Leo Pharmaceuticals Ballerup, Denmark ; , and olpadronate was prepared by the hospital pharmacy and is available from Gador Buenos Aires, Argentina ; . The studies were approved by the ethical medical committee of the University Hospital Leiden Leiden, The Netherlands ; . The following biochemical parameters of bone resorption were measured in urine: OHP by the method of Prockop and Udenfriend 21 the cross-linked N-telopeptide of collagen type I NTx ; by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA; Osteomark, Ostex International, Seattle, WA ; , and free deoxypyridinoline f-DPYR ; by ELISA Pyrilinks-D, Metra Biosystems, Palo Alto, CA ; . DPYR was also measured by RIA, using an antibody raised against synthetic DPYR, which was also used as standard inthe assay NicholsInstitute Diagnostics, Wijchen, The Netherlands ; . With this assay, the concentrations of DPYR in urine were determined either directly f-DPYR ; or after hydrolysis total or t-DPYR ; . These last assays were performed in the laboratories of Nichols Institute in Wijchen as part of a research project by F. Rosmalen. In all samples, creatinine was measured by an automated technique. The percentage of initial excess of urinary OHP was calculated as described previously 5 ; by the following formula: % initial OHP excess [posttreatment OHP pmol day ; - 1001 [pretreatment OHP Fmol day ; - lOO]. For every patient, all indexes of bone resorption in 24-h urine samples were adjusted to the mean urinary creatinine excretion of all collections during the admission. Normal ranges in 24-h urine samples were: OHP, 100-300 prnol or less than 30 pmol mmol creatinine; NTx, 601 2 296 SD ; nmol BCE or 41 2 nmol BCE mmol creatinine; total DPYR, 25.3 -t 12.3 to 32.4 i 15.8 nmol mmol creatinine; f-DPYR, 19.3 -t 4.3 to 21.2 2 9.5 nmol mmol creatinine, depending on age and sex; and DPYR, 2.5-7.5 nmol mmol creatinine.
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